Publications

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Recent Publications

Early childhood height, weight, and BMI development in children with monogenic obesity: a European multicentre, retrospective, observational study.

Zorn S, de Groot CJ, Brandt-Heunemann S, von Schnurbein J, Abawi O, Bounds R, Ruck L, Guijo B, Martos-Moreno GÁ, Nicaise C, Courbage S, Klehr-Martinelli M, Siebert R, Dubern B, Poitou C, Clément K, Argente J, Kühnen P, Farooqi IS, Wabitsch M, van den Akker E.

Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2025 May; PMID: 40246357

Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity.

Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, Cohen RV, Wilding JPH, Brown WA, Stanford FC, Batterham RL, Farooqi IS, Farpour-Lambert NJ, le Roux CW, Sattar N, Baur LA, Morrison KM, Misra A, Kadowaki T, Tham KW, Sumithran P, Garvey WT, Kirwan JP, Fernández-Real JM, Corkey BE, Toplak H, Kokkinos A, Kushner RF, Branca F, Valabhji J, Blüher M, Bornstein SR, Grill HJ, Ravussin E, Gregg E, Al Busaidi NB, Alfaris NF, Al Ozairi E, Carlsson LMS, Clément K, Després JP, Dixon JB, Galea G, Kaplan LM, Laferrère B, Laville M, Lim S, Luna Fuentes JR, Mooney VM, Nadglowski J Jr, Urudinachi A, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Pan A, Pattou F, Schauer PR, Tschöp MH, van der Merwe MT, Vettor R, Mingrone G.

Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025 Mar; PMID: 39824205

Orthopedia regulates melanocortin 4 receptor transcription and energy homeostasis.

Xu B, Lawler K, Wyler SC, Li L, Swati, Keogh JM, Chen X, Wan R, Almeida AG, Kirsch S, Mountjoy KG, Elmquist JK, Farooqi IS, Liu C.

Sci Transl Med. 2025 Jan; PMID: 39813316

Setmelanotide in patients aged 2-5 years with rare MC4R pathway-associated obesity (VENTURE): a 1 year, open-label, multicenter, phase 3 trial.

Argente J, Verge CF, Okorie U, Fennoy I, Kelsey MM, Cokkinias C, Scimia C, Lee HM, Farooqi IS.

Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025 Jan; PMID: 39549719

Selected Reviews

Translational potential of mouse models of human metabolic disease.

Farooqi IS, Xu Y.

Cell. 2024 Aug; PMID: 39067442

The Hunger Genes: Pathways to Obesity.

van der Klaauw AA, Farooqi IS.

Cell. 2015 Mar; PMID: 25815990

View pdf

20 YEARS OF LEPTIN: Human disorders of leptin action.

Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S.

J Endocrinology. 2014 Oct; PMID: 25232148

Leptin

Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency.

Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM, Keogh JM, Lawrence E, Agwu C, Sanna V, Jebb SA, Perna F, Fontana S, Lechler RI, DePaoli AM, O'Rahilly S.

J Clin Invest. 2002 Oct; PMID: 12393845

Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency.

Farooqi IS, Jebb SA, Langmack G, Lawrence E, Cheetham CH, Prentice AM, Hughes IA, McCamish MA, O’Rahilly S.

N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep; PMID: 10486419

Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans.

Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, Wareham NJ, Sewter CP, Digby JE, Mohammed SN, Hurst JA, Cheetham CH, Earley AR, Barnett AH, Prins JB, O'Rahilly S.

Nature. 1997 Jun; PMID: 9202122

Leptin Receptor

MC4R agonism promotes durable weight loss in patients with leptin receptor deficiency.

Clément K, Biebermann H, Farooqi IS, Van der Ploeg L, Wolters B, Poitou C, Puder L, Fiedorek F, Gottesdiener K, Kleinau G, Heyder N, Scheerer P, Blume-Peytavi U, Jahnke I, Sharma S, Mokrosinski J, Wiegand S, Müller A, Weiß K, Mai K, Spranger J, Grüters A, Blankenstein O, Krude H, Kühnen P.

Nat Med. 2018 May; PMID: 29736023

Clinical and molecular genetic spectrum of congenital deficiency of the leptin receptor.

Farooqi IS, Wangensteen T, Collins S, Kimber W, Matarese G, Keogh JM, Lank E, Bottomley B, Lopez-Fernandez J, Ferraz-Amaro I, Dattani MT, Ercan O, Myhre AG, Retterstol L, Stanhope R, Edge JA, McKenzie S, Lessan N, Ghodsi M, De Rosa V, Perna F, Fontana S, Barroso I, Undlien DE, O'Rahilly S.

N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan; PMID: 17229951

MC4R

For further publications please see the MC4R dedicated website

Human MC4R variants affect endocytosis, traffickingand dimerization revealing multiple cellular mechanisms involved in weight regulation

Brouwers B, Mendes de Oliveira E, Marti-Solano M, Monteiro FBF, Laurin SA, Keogh JM, Henning E, Bounds R, Daly CA, Houston S, Ayinampudi V, Wasiluk N, Clarke D, Plouffe B, Bouvier M, Babu MM, Farooqi IS, Mokrosiński J

Cell Reports. 2021 Mar; PMID: 33761344

Human Gain-of-Function MC4R Variants Show Signaling Bias and Protect against Obesity

Lotta LA, Mokrosiński J, Mendes de Oliveira E, Li C, Sharp SJ, Luan J, Brouwers B, Ayinampudi V, Bowker N, Kerrison N, Kaimakis V, Hoult D, Stewart ID, Wheeler E, Day FR, Perry JRB, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Farooqi IS .

Cell. 2019 Apr; PMID: 31002796

Evaluation of a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist (Setmelanotide) in MC4R deficiency.

Collet TH, Dubern B, Mokrosinski J, Connors H, Keogh JM, Mendes de Oliveira E, Henning E, Poitou-Bernert C, Oppert JM, Tounian P, Marchelli F, Alili R, Le Beyec J, Pépin D, Lacorte JM, Gottesdiener A, Bounds R, Sharma S, Folster C, Henderson B, O'Rahilly S, Stoner E, Gottesdiener K, Panaro BL, Cone RD, Clément K, Farooqi IS, Van der Ploeg LHT

Mol Metab. 2017 Oct; PMID: 29031731

Melanocortin-4 receptor signalling is required for weight loss after gastric bypass surgery.

Hatoum IJ, Stylopoulos N, Vanhoos AM, Boyd KL, Yin DP, Ellacott KL, Ma LL, Blaszczyk K, Keogh JM, Cone RD, Farooqi IS, Kaplan LM.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun; PMID: 22492873

Obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency is associated with increased linear growth and final height, fasting hyperinsulinemia, and incompletely suppressed growth hormone secretion.

Martinelli CE, Keogh JM, Greenfield JR, Henning E, van der Klaauw AA, Blackwood A, O'Rahilly S, Roelfsema F, Camacho-Hübner C, Pijl H, Farooqi IS.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan; PMID: 21047921

Modulation of blood pressure by central melanocortinergic pathways.

Greenfield JR, Miller JW, Keogh JM, Henning E, Satterwhite JH, Cameron GS, Astruc B, Mayer JP, Brage S, See TC, Lomas DJ, O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS.

N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan; PMID: 19092146

Clinical spectrum of obesity and mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene.

Farooqi IS, Keogh JM, Yeo GS, Lank EJ, Cheetham T, O'Rahilly S.

N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 20; PMID: 12646665

POMC

Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, an MC4R agonist, in individuals with severe obesity due to LEPR or POMC deficiency: single-arm, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trials.

Clément K, van den Akker E, Argente J, Bahm A, Chung WK, Connors H, De Waele K, Farooqi IS, Gonneau-Lejeune J, Gordon G, Kohlsdorf K, Poitou C, Puder L, Swain J, Stewart M, Yuan G, Wabitsch M, Kühnen P; Setmelanotide POMC and LEPR Phase 3 Trial Investigators.

Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Dec; PMID: 33137293

Proopiomelanocortin Deficiency Treated with a Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist.

Kühnen P, Clément K, Wiegand S, Blankenstein O, Gottesdiener K, Martini LL, Mai K, Blume-Peytavi U, Grüters A, Krude H. .

N Engl J Med. 2016 Jul; PMID: 27468060

A POMC variant implicates beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the control of human energy balance.

Lee YS, Challis BG, Thompson DA, Yeo GS, Keogh JM, Madonna ME, Wraight V, Sims M, Vatin V, Meyre D, Shield J, Burren C, Ibrahim Z, Cheetham T, Swift P, Blackwood A, Hung CC, Wareham NJ, Froguel P, Millhauser GL, O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS.

Cell Metab. 2006 Feb; PMID: 16459314

Obesity due to proopiomelanocortin deficiency: three new cases and treatment trials with thyroid hormone and ACTH4-10.

Krude H, Biebermann H, Schnabel D, Tansek MZ, Theunissen P, Mullis PE, Grüters A.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Oct; PMID: 14557433

A missense mutation disrupting a dibasic prohormone processing site in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) increases susceptibility to early-onset obesity through a novel molecular mechanism.

Challis BG, Pritchard LE, Creemers JW, Delplanque J, Keogh JM, Luan J, Wareham NJ, Yeo GS, Bhattacharyya S, Froguel P, White A, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S.

Hum Mol Genet. 2002 Aug; PMID: 12165561

Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans.

Krude H, Biebermann H, Luck W, Horn R, Brabant G, Grüters A.

Nat Genet. 1998 Jun; PMID: 9620771

PCSK1

Severe obesity and diabetes insipidus in a patient with PCSK1 deficiency.

Frank GR, Fox J, Candela N, Jovanovic Z, Bochukova E, Levine J, Papenhausen PR, O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS.

Mol Genet Metab. 2013 Oct; PMID: 23800642

Small-intestinal dysfunction accompanies the complex endocrinopathy of human proprotein convertase 1 deficiency.

Jackson RS, Creemers JW, Farooqi IS, Raffin-Sanson ML, Varro A, Dockray GJ, Holst JJ, Brubaker PL, Corvol P, Polonsky KS, Ostrega D, Becker KL, Bertagna X, Hutton JC, White A, Dattani MT, Hussain K, Middleton SJ, Nicole TM, Milla PJ, Lindley KJ, O'Rahilly S.

J Clin Invest. 2003 Nov; PMID: 14617756

Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene.

Jackson RS, Creemers JW, Ohagi S, Raffin-Sanson ML, Sanders L, Montague CT, Hutton JC, O'Rahilly S.

Nat Genet. 1997 Jul; PMID: 9207799

GNAS

Obesity-Associated GNAS Mutations and the Melanocortin Pathway

Mendes de Oliveira E, Keogh JM, Talbot F, Henning E, Ahmed R, Perdikari A, Bounds R, Wasiluk N, Ayinampudi V, Barroso I, Mokrosiński J, Jyothish D, Lim S, Gupta S, Kershaw M, Matei C, Partha P, Randell T, McAculay A, Wilson LC, Cheetham T, Crowne EC, Clayton P, Farooqi IS

New England Journal of Medicine. 2021 Oct; PMID: 34614324

BDNF

Human BDNF/TrkB variants impair hippocampal synaptogenesis and associate with neurobehavioural abnormalities

Sonoyama T, Stadler LKJ, Zhu M, Keogh JM, Henning E, Hisama F, Kirwan P, Jura M, Blaszczyk BK, DeWitt DC, Brouwers B, Hyvönen M, Barroso I, Merkle FT, Appleyard SM, Wayman GA, Farooqi IS

Scientific Reports. 2020 Jun; PMID: 3249397

A transcriptomic signature of the hypothalamic response to fasting and BDNF deficiency in Prader-Willi Syndrome

Bochukova EG, Lawler K, Croizier S, Keogh JM, Patel N, Strohbehn G, Lo K, Humphrey J, Hokken-Koelega A, Damen L, Donze S, Bouret SG, Plagnol V, Farooqi IS.

Cell Rep. 2018 Mar; PMID: 29590610

KSR2

KSR2 Mutations Are Associated with Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Impaired Cellular Fuel Oxidation.

Pearce L, Atanassova N, Banton MC, Bottomley B, van der Klaauw AA, Revilli JP, Hendricks A, Keogh JM, Henning E, Doree D, Jeter-Jones S, Garg S, Bochukova EB, Bounds R, Ashford S, Gayton E, Hindmarsh PC, Shield JPH, Crowne E, Barford D, Wareham NJ, UK10K Consortium, O'Rahilly S, Murphy MP, Powell DR, Barroso I, Farooqi IS.

Cell. 2013. Nov; PMID: 24209692

MRAP2

Loss-of-function mutations in MRAP2 are pathogenic in hyperphagic obesity with hyperglycemia and hypertension.

Baron M, Maillet J, Huyvaert M, Dechaume A, Boutry R, Loiselle H, Durand E, Toussaint B, Vaillant E, Philippe J, Thomas J, Ghulam A, Franc S, Charpentier G, Borys JM, Lévy-Marchal C, Tauber M, Scharfmann R, Weill J, Aubert C, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Roussel R, Balkau B, Marre M, Boissel M, Derhourhi M, Gaget S, Canouil M, Froguel P, Bonnefond A.

Nat Med. 2019 Nov; PMID: 31700171

Loss of Function of the Melanocortin 2 Receptor Accessory Protein 2 Is Associated with Mammalian Obesity.

Asai M, Ramachandrappa S, Joachim M, Shen Y, Zhang R, Nuthalapati N, Ramanathan V, Strochlic DE, Ferket P, Linhart K, Ho C, Novoselova TV, Garg S, Ridderstråle M, Marcus C, Hirschhorn JN, Keogh JM, O'Rahilly S, Chan LF, Clark AJ, Farooqi IS, Majzoub JA.

Science. 2013 Aug 30; PMID: 23869016

SH2B1

Chromosomal deletions on 16p11.2 encompassing SH2B1 are associated with accelerated metabolic disease.

Hanssen R, Auwerx C, Jõeloo M, Sadler MC; Estonian Biobank Research Team; Henning E, Keogh J, Bounds R, Smith M, Firth HV, Kutalik Z, Farooqi IS, Reymond A, Lawler K.

Cell Rep Med. 2023 Aug; PMID: 37586323

Crucial Role of the SH2B1 PH Domain for the Control of Energy Balance

Flores A, Argetsinger LS, Stadler LKJ, Malaga AE, Vander PB, DeSantis LC, Joe RM, Cline JM, Keogh JM, Henning E, Barroso I, Mendes de Oliveira E, Chandrashekar G, Clutter ES, Hu Y, Stuckey J, Farooqi IS, Myers, Jr. MG, Carter-Su C

Diabetes. 2019 Nov; PMID: 31439647

Human SH2B1 mutations are associated with maladaptive behaviours and obesity.

Doche ME, Bochukova EG, Su HW, Pearce LR, Keogh JM, Henning E, Cline JM, Saeed S, Dale A, Cheetham T, Barroso I, Argetsinger LS, O'Rahilly S, Rui L, Carter-Su C, Farooqi IS.

J Clin Invest. 2012 Dec; PMID: 23160192

Large, rare chromosomal deletions associated with severe early-onset obesity.

Bochukova EG, Huang N, Keogh J, Henning E, Purmann C, Blaszczyk K, Saeed S, Hamilton-Shield J, Clayton-Smith J, O'Rahilly S, Hurles ME, Farooqi IS.

Nature. 2010 Feb; PMID: 19966786

SIM-1

Rare variants in single-minded 1 (SIM1) are associated with severe obesity.

Ramachandrappa S, Raimondo A, Cali AM, Keogh JM, Henning E, Saeed S, Thompson A, Garg S, Bochukova EG, Brage S, Trowse V, Wheeler E, Sullivan AE, Dattani M, Clayton PE, Datta V, Bruning JB, Wareham NJ, O'Rahilly S, Peet DJ, Barroso I, Whitelaw ML, Farooqi IS.

J Clin Invest. 2013 Jul; PMID: 23778139

SRC-1

Obesity Due to Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1 Deficiency Is Associated With Endocrine and Metabolic Abnormalities.

Cacciottolo TM, Henning E, Keogh JM, Bel Lassen P, Lawler K, Bounds R, Ahmed R, Perdikari A, Mendes de Oliveira E, Smith M, Godfrey EM, Johnson E, Hodson L, Clément K, van der Klaauw AA, Farooqi IS.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 May; PMID: 35137184

Steroid receptor coactivator-1 modulates the function of Pomc neurons and energy homeostasis

Yang Y, van der Klaauw AA, Zhu L, Cacciottolo TM, He Y, Stadler KJL, Wang C, Xu P, Saito K, Hinton Jr. A, Yan X, Keogh JM, Henning E, Banton MC, Hendricks AE, Bochukova EG, Mistry V, Lawler KL, Liao L, Xu J, O’Rahilly S, Tong Q, UK10K Consortium, Barroso I, O’Malley BW, Farooqi IS, Xu Y.

Nature Communications. 2019 Apr; PMID: 30979869

TRPC5

Loss of transient receptor potential channel 5 causes obesity and postpartum depression.

Li Y, Cacciottolo TM, Yin N, He Y, Liu H, Liu H, Yang Y, Henning E, Keogh JM, Lawler K, Mendes de Oliveira E, Gardner EJ, Kentistou KA, Laouris P, Bounds R, Ong KK, Perry JRB, Barroso I, Tu L, Bean JC, Yu M, Conde KM, Wang M, Ginnard O, Fang X, Tong L, Han J, Darwich T, Williams KW, Yang Y, Wang C, Joss S, Firth HV, Xu Y, Farooqi IS.

Cell. 2024 Aug; PMID: 38959890

TUB

A Homozygous Mutation in the TUB Gene Associated with Retinal Dystrophy and Obesity.

Borman AD, Pearce LR, Mackay DS, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Davidson AE, Henderson R, Garg S, Waseem NH, Webster AR, Plagnol V, Wolfrum U, Farooqi IS, Moore AT.

Hum Mutat. 2014 Mar; PMID: 24375934

HTR2C

Neural circuits expressing the serotonin 2C receptor regulate memory in mice and humans.

Liu H, He Y, Liu H, Brouwers B, Yin N, Lawler K, Keogh JM, Henning E, Lee DK, Yu M, Tu L, Zhang N, Conde KM, Han J, Yan Z, Scarcelli NA, Liao L, Xu J, Tong Q, Zheng H, Sun Z, Yang Y, Wang C, He Y, Farooqi IS, Xu Y.

Sci Adv. 2024 Jun; PMID: 38941473

Human loss-of-function variants in the serotonin 2C receptor associated with obesity and maladaptive behavior

He Y, Brouwers B, Liu Hesong, Liu Hailan, Lawler K, Mendes de Oliveira E, Lee D, Yang Y, Cox A, Keogh JM, Henning E, Bounds R, Perdikari A, Ayinampudi V, Wang C, Yu M, Tu L, Zhang N, Yin, N, Han J, Scarcelli N, Yan Z, Conde K, Potts C, Bean, J, Wang M, Hartig S, Liao L, Xu J, Barroso I, Mokrosinski J, Xu, Y, Farooqi IS.

Nature Medicine. 2022 Dec; PMID: 36536256

PHIP, Semaphorin 3s

Exome Sequencing Identifies Genes and Gene Sets Contributing to Severe Childhood Obesity, Linking PHIP Variants to Repressed POMC Transcription.

Marenne G, Hendricks AE, Perdikari A, Bounds R, Payne F, Keogh JM, Lelliott CJ, Henning E, Pathan S, Ashford S, Bochukova EG, Mistry V, Daly A, Hayward C, INTERVAL, UK10K Consortium, Wareham NJ, O’Rahilly S, Langenberg C, Wheeler E, Zeggini E, Farooqi IS, Barroso I.

Cell Metabolism. 2020 Jun; PMID: 32492392

Human Semaphorin 3 Variants Link Melanocortin Circuit Development and Energy Balance.

van der Klaauw AA, Croizier S, Mendes de Oliveira E, Stadler LKJ, Park S, Kong Y, Banton MC, Tandon P, Hendricks AE, Keogh JM, Riley SE, Papadia S, Henning E, Bounds R, Bochukova EG, Mistry V, O’Rahilly S, Simerly RB, INTERVAL, UK10K Consortium, Minchin JEN, Barroso I, Jones EY, Bouret SG, Farooqi IS.

Cell. 2019 Feb; PMID: 30661757

Additional Papers

Accelerated waning of the humoral response to COVID-19 vaccines in obesity.

van der Klaauw AA, Horner EC, Pereyra-Gerber P, Agrawal U, Foster WS, Spencer S, Vergese B, Smith M, Henning E, Ramsay ID, Smith JA, Guillaume SM, Sharpe HJ, Hay IM, Thompson S, Innocentin S, Booth LH, Robertson C, McCowan C, Kerr S, Mulroney TE, O'Reilly MJ, Gurugama TP, Gurugama LP, Rust MA, Ferreira A, Ebrahimi S, Ceron-Gutierrez L, Scotucci J, Kronsteiner B, Dunachie SJ, Klenerman P; PITCH Consortium; Park AJ, Rubino F, Lamikanra AA, Stark H, Kingston N, Estcourt L, Harvala H, Roberts DJ, Doffinger R, Linterman MA, Matheson NJ, Sheikh A, Farooqi IS, Thaventhiran JED.

Nat Med. 2023 May; PMID: 37169862

Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist, in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial with an open-label period.

Haqq AM, Chung WK, Dollfus H, Haws RM, Martos-Moreno GÁ, Poitou C, Yanovski JA, Mittleman RS, Yuan G, Forsythe E, Clément K, Argente J.

Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022 Dec; PMID: 36356613

Natural History of Obesity Due to POMC, PCSK1, and LEPR Deficiency and the Impact of Setmelanotide

Wabitsch M, Farooqi IS, Flück CE, Bratina N, Mallya UG, Stewart M, Garrison J, van den Akker E, Kühnen P.

J Endocr Soc. 2022 Apr; PMID: 35528826

Predicting novel candidate human obesity genes and their site of action by systematic functional screening in Drosophila

Agrawal N,Lawler K,Davidson CM, Keogh JM, Legg R, INTERVAL, Barroso I, Farooqi IS, Brand AH.

PLOS Biology. 2021 Nov; PMID: 34748544

OBEDIS Core Variables Project: European Expert Guidelines on a Minimal Core Set of Variables to Include in Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trials of Obesity Interventions

Alligier M, Barrès R , Blaak EE, Boirie Y, Bouwman J, Brunault P, Campbell K, Clément K, Farooqi IS, Farpour-Lambert NJ, Frühbeck G, Goossens GH, Hager J, Halford JCG, Hauner H, Jacobi D, Julia C, Langin D, Natali A, Neovius M, Oppert JM, Pagotto U, Palmeira AL, Roche H, Rydén M, Scheen AJ, Simon C, Sorensen TI, Tappy L, Yki-Järvinen H, Ziegler O, Laville M.

Obesity Facts. 2020 Jan; PMID: 31945762

Pediatric Obesity—Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline

Styne M, Arslanian S, Connor E, Farooqi IS, Hassan Murad M, Silverstein JH, Yanovski JA, .

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017 Mar; PMID: 28359099

Changes in Energy Expenditure Resulting from Altered Body Weight

Leibel R, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J.

NEJM. 1995 Mar; PMID: 7632212

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